KERANGKA DASAR TEORI KEILMUAN: FRANCIS BACON: JOHN STUART MILL

Abstract

This study aims to examine the foundational framework of scientific theory through the philosophical perspectives of Francis Bacon and John Stuart Mill within the context of the development of scientific methodology and socio-political concepts of freedom. The research employs a library-based approach by critically reviewing primary and secondary sources, including scholarly books, academic journal articles, and relevant philosophical works. The findings indicate that Francis Bacon’s inductive empiricism played a crucial role in the emergence of modern scientific methodology by emphasizing observation and induction as a critique of Aristotelian deductive methods. Meanwhile, John Stuart Mill underscores the importance of individual liberty constrained by the principle of utility in order to achieve collective well-being. The novelty of this study lies in the integration of Bacon’s epistemological framework and Mill’s ethical-political thought as a theoretical foundation relevant to contemporary scientific discourse and democratic dynamics, particularly in the Indonesian context. The implications of this research highlight the importance of maintaining a critical, objective, and open-minded stance in the advancement of scientific knowledge and the formulation of democratic public policy. The study further recommends future research that contextualizes the thinkers’ ideas in addressing current socio-political issues.